In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time when the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time.
An easy way to understand shutter speed is:
The faster the shutter speed, the less blur the photograph has.
The slower the shutter speed, the more blur the photograph has.
The camera's shutter speed, the lens's aperture (also called f-stop), and the scene's luminance together determine the amount of light that reaches the film or sensor (the exposure). Exposure value (EV) is a quantity that accounts for the shutter speed and the f-number.
Once the sensitivity to light of the recording surface (either film or sensor) is set in numbers expressed in "ISOs" (ex: 200 ISO, 400 ISO), the light emitted by the scene photographed can be controlled through aperture and shutter-speed to match the film or sensor sensitivity to light. This will achieve a good exposure when all the details of the scene are legible on the photograph. Too much light let into the camera results in an overly pale image (or "over-exposure") while too little light will result in an overly dark image (or "under-exposure").
This picture demonstrates the different variations of shutter speed using the same subject.
An example of fast shutter speed would be this photograph below:
As you can see, the shutter speed was obviously very fast so that the photographer would be able to capture and freeze this moment in a photograph, giving the water a 'frozen' effect.
An example of slow shutter speed would be this photograph:
The shutter speed was obviously very slow so that the photographer was able to capture the lights and construction of the ferris wheel in this artistic way, portraying the lights as staining the sky.
Artist Image Research:
Artists who provide contrasting examples of opposing shutter speeds are:
Francesca Woodman:
Francesca Stern Woodman (April 3, 1958 – January 19, 1981) was an American photographer best known for her black and white pictures featuring either herself or female models. Many of her photographs show young women who are nude, blurred (due to movement and long exposure times), merging with their surroundings, or whose faces are obscured. Her work continues to be the subject of much critical acclaim and attention, years after she killed herself at the age of 22, in 1981.
Richard Avedon:
Richard Avedon (May 15, 1923 – October 1, 2004) was an American fashion and portrait photographer. An obituary published in The New York Times said that "his fashion and portrait photographs helped define America's image of style, beauty and culture for the last half-century". I think Woodman and Avedon would have used relatively fast shutter speeds to capture the stillness the photographs have. At a guess, I would say around 1/60th to anywhere around 1/200th.
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